Chilblains: What is it and how to prevent and treat it

Chilblains, also called perniosis or pernio, is inflammation of the skin caused by cold, but not freezing temperatures. In the cold weather, small blood vessels in the skin constrict. If they don't open quickly enough as the skin warms again, blood will leak into the skin and tissues surrounding the area. The area may swell, discolor, or develop blisters and sores. Often the area will itch or be painful. Secondary infections are a concern when pernio develops.

Although perniosis is often confused with frostbite, the skin does not actually freeze. Cold, damp air can cause chilblains is the skin is exposed to it for a period of time. Staying warm and dry will prevent pernio from developing or keep skin covered when you venture out into the cold. When you come in from the cold, warm exposed areas gradually, as going too fast can cause chilblains.

When a chilblain develop, it often occurs on the smaller toes, but it can also occur on other toes, fingers, the nose, or earlobes. The itchy, painful, red skin will show up several hours after the cold exposure. If you see chilblains develop on your skin, try some of the following tips to help relieve the itching and pain:

• Avoid any direct heat to the area as this can make the area more painful. Instead, keep the feet warm by using wool socks.
• Don't itch or scratch the area as it can cause a secondary infection. Instead, apply anti-itch creams or calamine lotion. You can also take an anti-inflammatory medication to help with the pain.
• Use antibiotic or antiseptic creams or sprays if the sores and blisters open. You can gently cover the areas with a clean, soft cloth as well.

If the perniosis is severe, you should seek medical attention. In addition, if you see signs that an infection is present, extra care should be taken. With prevention and proper treatment, most cases of chilblains will resolve themselves.

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